rmjournalЭталоны. Стандартные образцыMeasurement Standards. Reference Materials2687-0886D. I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology10.20915/2077-1177-2022-18-3-29-40rmjournal-368Research ArticleСтандартные образцыReference materialsСтандартные образцы для градуировки анализатора водорода при высокой концентрацииDevelopment of Reference Materials for Calibration of the Hydrogen Analyzer at High Concentrationhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5679-4861СпиридоноваА. А.SpiridonovaA. A.

Спиридонова Алена Александровна – инженер по метрологии; аспирант Инженерной школы ядерных технологий

634050, г. Томск, проспект Ленина 30

Alena A. Spiridonova – Metrology Engineer; postgraduate student of the School of Nuclear Technology

30 Lenina ave., Tomsk, 634050

spiridonova@tcsms.tomsk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0901-2409КудияровВ. Н.KudiiarovV. N.

Кудияров Виктор Николаевич – канд. техн. наук, доцент отделения экспериментальной физики

634050, г. Томск, проспект Ленина 30

Viktor N. Kudiiarov – Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Associate Professor of the Department of Experimental Physics

30 Lenina ave., Tomsk, 634050

kudiyarov@tpu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3868-2647ЛидерА. М.LiderA. M.

Лидер Андрей Маркович – д. техн. наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой – руководитель отделения на правах кафедры отделения экспериментальной физики

634050, г. Томск, пр. Ленина, 30

Andrey M. Lider – Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor, Head of theDepartment of Experimental Physics

30 Lenina ave., Tomsk, 634050

lider@tpu.ruГосударственный региональный центр стандартизации, метрологии и испытаний в Томской области; ФГАОУ ВО «Национальный исследовательский Томский политехнический университет»РоссияState Regional Center for Standardization, Metrology and Testing in the Tomsk Region; National Research Tomsk Polytechnic UniversityRussian FederationФГАОУ ВО «Национальный исследовательский Томский политехнический университет»РоссияNational Research Tomsk Polytechnic UniversityRussian Federation2022301220221832940Copyright © Спиридонова А.А., Кудияров В.Н., Лидер А.М., 20222022Спиридонова А.А., Кудияров В.Н., Лидер А.М.Spiridonova A.A., Kudiiarov V.N., Lider A.M.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/368

В данном исследовании рассматриваются вопросы повышения точности при измерении высоких концентраций водорода при разработке материалов-накопителей в водородной энергетике. Цель исследования – разработка стандартных образцов для градуировки анализаторов водорода при высоких концентрациях. Проанализированы основные методы определения содержания водорода в материалах, установлено, что экстракционный метод в среде инертного газа нашел наиболее широкое применение. Отмечена необходимость градуировки анализаторов по стандартным образцам с высокой концентрацией водорода. Разработаны стандартные образцы из титанового сплава ВТ-1-0 с концентрацией водорода до (4,0±0,1) масс.%. Подобраны оптимальные параметры проведения анализа. На примере анализатора водорода RHEN602 (LECO, США) проведена градуировка по разработанным стандартным образцам с получением градуировочной зависимости. Оценена надежность полученной градуировочной прямой с использованием стехиометрического гидрида циркония. Доверительный интервал полученной градуировочной прямой составил ±10 %. Установлено, что проведение градуировки по разработанным образцам позволяет проводить анализ материалов с содержанием водорода от 0,5 до 4,0 масс.%. Практическая значимость исследования заключается в разработке стандартных образцов, которые могут быть применены для проведения градуировки анализаторов водорода, работающих по принципу плавления в среде инертного газа, при высокой концентрации водорода.  

The study discusses the issues of improving the accuracy of measuring high hydrogen concentrations in the development of storage materials in the hydrogen energy industry. The purpose of the study was to develop reference materials for calibration of the hydrogen analyzers at high concentrations. The main methods for determining the hydrogen content in materials were analyzed. It was established that the extraction method in an inert gas medium has found the widest application. The main methods for determining the hydrogen content in materials are analyzed, it is established that the extraction method in an inert gas medium has found the widest application. The need for calibration of analyzers on reference materials with a high hydrogen concentration was noted. Reference materials of titanium alloy VT-1-0 with hydrogen concentration up to (4.0±0.1) wt.% have been developed. The optimal parameters for the analysis were selected. On the example of the hydrogen analyzer RHEN602 (LECO, USA), calibration was carried out on the developed reference materials to obtain a calibration dependence. The reliability of the obtained calibration curve with the application of stoichiometric zirconium hydride was estimated. The confidence interval of the resulting calibration curve was ±10 %. It has been established that the calibration on the developed materials makes it possible to analyze materials with a hydrogen content of 0.5 to 4.0 wt.%. The practical significance of the study lies in the development of reference materials that can be applied to calibrate hydrogen analyzers operating on the principle of melting in an inert gas medium at a high hydrogen concentration.

анализатор водородаводородстандартный образецтитановый сплавградуировкаэкстракционный методконцентрациягидрированиеhydrogen analyzerhydrogenreference materialtitanium alloycalibrationextraction methodconcentrationhydrogenationРабота выполнена при финансовой поддержке Государственного задания «Наука» в рамках научного проекта № FSWW-2020–0017.The work was sponsored by the State Assignment «Science», research project No. FSWW-2020–0017.ReferencesBorzenko V., Eronin A. The use of air as heating agent in hydrogen metal hydride storage coupled with PEM fuel cell // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2016. Vol. 41, № 48. P. 23120–23124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.10.067Borzenko V., Eronin A. The use of air as heating agent in hydrogen metal hydride storage coupled with PEM fuel cell. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2016;41(48):23120–23124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.10.067Optimized operation combining costs, efficiency and lifetime of a hybrid renewable energy system with energy storage by battery and hydrogen in grid-connected applications / P. García-Triviño [et al.] // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2016. Vol. 41, № . 48. P. 23132–23144 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.09.140García-Triviño P., Fernández-Ramírez L. M., Gil-Mena A. J, Llorens-Iborra F., García-Vázquez C. A., Jurado Fr. Optimized operation combining costs, efficiency and lifetime of a hybrid renewable energy system with energy storage by battery and hydrogen in grid-connected applications. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2016;41(48):23132–23144 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.09.140Ortiz A. L., Zaragoza M. J. M., Collins-Martínez V. Hydrogen production research in Mexico: A review // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2016. Vol. 41, № 48. P. 23363–23379. https://doi.org./10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.07.004Ortiz A. L., Zaragoza M. J. M., Collins-Martínez V. Hydrogen production research in Mexico: A review. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2016;41(48):23363–23379. https://doi.org./10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.07.004A DFT study of hydrogen storage on surface (110) of Mg 1– x Al x (0d xd 0.1) / G. Ramírez-Dámaso [et al.] // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2016. Vol. 41, № 48. P. 23388–23393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.08.202Ramírez-Dámaso G., Ramírez-Platón I. E., López-Chávez E., Castillo-Alvarado F. L., Cruz-Torres A., Caballero F. et al. A DFT study of hydrogen storage on surface (110) of Mg 1– x Al x (0d xd 0.1). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2016;41(48):23388– 23393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.08.202Liu W., Aguey-Zinsou K. F. Hydrogen storage properties of in-situ stabilised magnesium nanoparticles generated by electroless reduction with alkali metals // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2015. Vol. 40, № 47. P. 16948–16960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.07.020Liu W., Aguey-Zinsou K. F. Hydrogen storage properties of in-situ stabilised magnesium nanoparticles generated by electroless reduction with alkali metals. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2015;40(47):16948–16960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.07.020Synthesis and properties of ZnO-HMD@ ZnO-Fe/Cu core-shell as advanced material for hydrogen storage / N. Bouazizi [et al.] // Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2017. Vol. 491 P. 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2016.12.024Bouazizi N., Boudharaa T., Bargougui R., Vieillard J., Ammar S., Le Derf F. et al. Synthesis and properties of ZnO-HMD@ ZnO-Fe/ Cu core-shell as advanced material for hydrogen storage. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2017;491:89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2016.12.024The new metal complex templated polyoxoborate (s)(POB (s)) structures. Synthesis, structural characterization, and hydrogen storage capacities / D. A. Köse [et al.] // Journal of Molecular Structure. 2017. Vol. 1134. P 806–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.01.010Köse D. A., Yurdakul Ö., ùahin O., Öztürk Z. The new metal complex templated polyoxoborate (s)(POB (s)) structures. Synthesis, structural characterization, and hydrogen storage capacities. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2017;1134:806–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.01.010Колачев Б. А., Шалин Р. Е., Ильин А. А. Сплавы-накопители водорода : Справочник. М. : Металлургия, 1995. 384 с.Kolachev B. A., Shalin R. E., Ilyin A. A. Hydrogen storage alloys: A Handbook. Moscow: Metallurgy; 1995. 384 p.Hydrogenation thermokinetics and activation behavior of non-stoichiometric Zr-based Laves alloys with enhanced hydrogen storage capacity / Y. Zhang [et al.] // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2017. Vol. 694. P. 300–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.10.021Zhang Y., Li J., Zhang T., Wu T., Kou H., Xue X. Hydrogenation thermokinetics and activation behavior of non-stoichiometric Zr-based Laves alloys with enhanced hydrogen storage capacity. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2017;694:300–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.10.021Hydriding and dehydriding in air-exposed Mg Fe powder mixtures / K. Suárez-Alcántara [et al.] // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2016. Vol. 41, № 48. P. 23380–23387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.242Suárez-Alcántara K., Palacios-Lazcano A. F., Funatsu T., Cabañas-Moreno J. G. Hydriding and dehydriding in air-exposed Mg Fe powder mixtures. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2016;41(48):23380–23387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.242Hydrogen storage properties of a Mg-La-Fe-H nano-composite prepared through reactive ball milling / X. Chen [et al.] // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2017. Vol. 701. P. 208–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.01.056Chen X., Zou J., Zenga X., Ding W. Hydrogen storage properties of a Mg-La-Fe-H nano-composite prepared through reactive ball milling. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2017;701:208–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.01.056Hydrogen storage and hydrogen generation properties of CaMg 2-based alloys / M. Ma [et al.] // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2017. Vol. 691. P. 929–935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.08.307Ma M., Duan R., Ouyang L., Zhu X., Chen Zh., Peng Ch. Hydrogen storage and hydrogen generation properties of CaMg 2-based alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2017;691:929–935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.08.307Mg–M–LiH alloys prepared by mechanical milling and their hydrogen storage characteristics / K. Suárez-Alcántara [et al.] // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2015. Vol. 40, № 48. P. 17344–17353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.04.083Suárez-Alcántara K., Palacios-Lazcano A. F., Funatsu T., Cabañas-Moreno J. G. Mg–M–LiH alloys prepared by mechanical milling and their hydrogen storage characteristics. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2015;40(48):17344–17353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.04.083Metal aluminum amides for hydrogen storage–Crystal structure studies / S. Hino [et al.] // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2015. Vol. 40, № 47. P. 16938–16947. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2015.05.012Hino S., Grove H., Ichikawa T., Kojima Yo., Sørby M. H., Hauback B. C. Metal aluminum amides for hydrogen storage–Crystal structure studies. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2015;40(47):16938–16947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.05.012Tarasov B. P., Lototsky M. V., Yartys V. A. Problem of hydrogen storage and prospective uses of hydrides for hydrogen accumulation // Russian Chemical Journal. 2006. Vol. 50, № 6. P. 34–48. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070363207040329Tarasov B. P., Lototsky M. V., Yartys V. A. Problem of hydrogen storage and prospective uses of hydrides for hydrogen accumulation. Russian Chemical Journal. 2006;50(6):34–48. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070363207040329Kulik O. P., Chernyshev L. I. Hydrogen energy: storage and transportation of hydrogen (review). Preprint of NAS of Ukraine, Institute of Problems of Materials Science. I. N. Frantsevich. P. 67.Kulik O. P., Chernyshev L. I. Hydrogen energy: storage and transportation of hydrogen (review). Preprint of NAS of Ukraine, Institute of Problems of Materials Science. I. N. Frantsevich. P. 67.Pundt A., Kirchheim R. Hydrogen in metals: microstructural aspects // Annual Review of Materials Research. 2006. Vol. 36, № 1. P. 555–608. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.36.090804.094451Pundt A., Kirchheim R. Hydrogen in metals: microstructural aspects. Annual Review of Materials Research. 2006;36(1):555–608. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.36.090804.094451A critical review of mg-based hydrogen storage materials processed by equal channel angular pressing / L. Wang [et al.] // Metals. 2017. Vol. 7. № . 9. P. 324. https://doi.org/10.3390/met7090324A critical review of mg-based hydrogen storage materials processed by equal channel angular pressing. Metals. 2017;7(9):324. https://doi.org/10.3390/met7090324da Silva Dupim I., Ferreira Santos S., Huot J. Effect of cold rolling on the hydrogen desorption behavior of binary metal hydride powders under microwave irradiation // Metals. 2015. Vol. 5. № . 4. P. 2021–2033. https://doi.org/10.3390/met5042021da Silva Dupim I., Ferreira Santos S., Huot J. Effect of cold rolling on the hydrogen desorption behavior of binary metal hydride powders under microwave irradiation. Metals. 2015;5(4):2021–2033. https://doi.org/10.3390/met5042021Гидриды интерметаллических соединений и сплавов, их свойства и применение в атомной технике / А. Н. Перевезенцев [и др.] // Физика элементарных частиц и атомного ядра. 1988. Т. 19, № 6. С. 1386–1439.Perevezentsev A. N., Andreev B. M., Kapyshev V. K., Rivkis L. A., Malek M. P., Bystritskii V. M. Hydrides of intermetallic compounds and alloys, their properties and applications in nuclear technology. Fizika elementarnykh chastits i atomnogo iadra = Physics of elementary particles and the atomic nucleus. 1988;19(6):1386–1439.(In Russ.).Материалы для хранения водорода: анализ тенденций развития на основе данных об информационных потоках / В. М. Ажаж [и др.] // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. Серия: Вакуум, чистые материалы, сверхпроводники. 2006. № 1. С. 145–152.21. Azhazh V. M. Materials for hydrogen storage: analysis of development trends based on data on information flows. Voprosy atomnoi nauki i tekhniki. Seriia: Vakuum, chistye materialy, sverkhprovodniki. 2006;1:145–152.(in Russ.).Microstructure and hydrogen storage properties of MgH 2–TiB2–SiC composites / I. Milanoviü [et al.] // Ceramics International. 2013. Vol. 39, № 4. P. 4399–4405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.11.029Milanoviü I., Miloševiü S., Raškoviü -Lovre ä., Novakoviü N., Vujasin R., Matoviü L. et al. Microstructure and hydrogen storage properties of MgH 2–TiB2–SiC composites. Ceramics International. 2013;39(4):4399–4405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.11.029Fernandez A., Deprez E., Friedrichs O. A comparative study of the role of additive in the MgH 2 vs. the LiBH 4–MgH 2 hydrogen storage system // International journal of hydrogen energy. 2011. Vol. 36, № 6. P. 3932–3940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.12.112Fernandez A., Deprez E., Friedrichs O. A comparative study of the role of additive in the MgH 2 vs. the LiBH 4–MgH 2 hydrogen storage system. International journal of hydrogen energy. 2011;36(6):3932–3940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.12.112Influence of particle size on electrochemical and gas-phase hydrogen storage in nanocrystalline Mg / O. Friedrichs [et al.] // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2008. Vol. 463, № 1. P. 539–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.09.085Friedrichs O., Kolodziejczyk L., Sánchez-López J. C., Fernández A., Lyubenova L., Zander D. et al. Influence of particle size on electrochemical and gas-phase hydrogen storage in nanocrystalline Mg. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2008;463(1):539–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.09.085Realistic simulation in a single stage hydrogen compressor based on AB2 alloys / F. Leardini [et al.] // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2016. Vol. 41, № 23. P. 9780–9788. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2016.01.125Leardini F., Bodega J. L., Ares J. R., Fernández J. F. Realistic simulation in a single stage hydrogen compressor based on AB2 alloys. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2016;41(23):9780–9788. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2016.01.125Development of vanadium based hydrogen storage material: a review / S. Kumar [et al.] // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017. Vol. 72. P. 791–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.063Kumar S., Jain A., Ichikawa T., Kojima Y., Dey G. K. Development of vanadium based hydrogen storage material: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017;72:791–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.063Nanotechnology in Mg-based materials for hydrogen storage / H. Shao [et al.] // Nano Energy. 2012. Vol. 1, № 4. P. 590–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NANOEN.2012.05.005Shao H., Xin G., Zheng J., Li X., Akiba E. Nanotechnology in Mg-based materials for hydrogen storage. Nano Energy. 2012;1(4):590– 601. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NANOEN.2012.05.005Hydrogen absorption behavior of Zr-based getter materials with Pd Ag coating against gaseous impurities / T. Zhang [et al.] // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2016. Vol. 41, № 33. P. 14778–14787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.073Zhang T., Zhang Y., Zhang Mi., Hu R., Kou H., Li J. et al. Hydrogen absorption behavior of Zr-based getter materials with Pd Ag coating against gaseous impurities. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2016;41(33):14778–14787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.073Tarnawski Z., Kim-Ngan N. T. H. Hydrogen storage characteristics of Ti–and V–based thin films // Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices. 2016. Vol. 1, № 2. P. 141–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsamd.2016.05.003Tarnawski Z., Kim-Ngan N. T. H. Hydrogen storage characteristics of Ti–and V–based thin films. Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices. 2016;1(2):141–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsamd.2016.05.003Проценко О. М., Карачевцев Ф. Н., Механик Е. А. Опыт разработки методики измерения содержания водорода в титановых сплавах // Труды ВИАМ. 2014. № 12. С. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.18577/2307-6046-2014-0-12-8-8Protsenko O. M., Karachevtsev F. N., Mekhanik E. A. Experience on development of measurement procedure for determination of hydrogen content in titanium alloys. Proceedings of VIAM. 2014;12:1–5. https://doi.org/10.18577/2307-6046-2014-0-12-8-8Grigorovich K. V. New possibilities of modern methods for determination of gas-forming impurities in metals // Inorganic Materials. 2007. Vol. 73, № 1. P. 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0020168508140094Grigorovich K. V. New possibilities of modern methods for determination of gas-forming impurities in metals. Inorganic Materials. 2007;73(1):23–34. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0020168508140094Hydrogen desorption from pure titanium with different concentration levels of hydrogen / Y. Furuya [et al.] // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2007. Vol. 446. P. 447–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.04.304Furuya Y., Takasaki A., Mizuno K., Yoshiie T. Hydrogen desorption from pure titanium with different concentration levels of hydrogen. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2007; 446:447–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.04.304Hydrogen absorption and desorption in a duplex-annealed Ti-6Al-4V alloy during exposure to different hydrogen-containing environments / D. Eliezer [et al.] // Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2006. Vol. 433, № 1. P. 298–304. https://doi.org/10/1016/j.msea.2006.06.088Eliezer D., Tal-Gutelmacher E., Cross C. E., Boellinghaus Th. Hydrogen absorption and desorption in a duplex-annealed Ti-6Al-4V alloy during exposure to different hydrogen-containing environments. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2006;433(1):298–304. https://doi.org/10/1016/j.msea.2006.06.088Tal-Gutelmacher E., Eliezer D., Abramov E. Thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) –Application in quantitative study of hydrogen evolution and trapping in crystalline and non-crystalline materials // Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing. 2007. Vol. 445. P. 625–631. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.09.089Tal-Gutelmacher E., Eliezer D., Abramov E. Thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS)—Application in quantitative study of hydrogen evolution and trapping in crystalline and non-crystalline materials. Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing. 2007; 445:625–631. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.09.089Von Zeppelin F., Haluška M., Hirscher M. Thermal desorption spectroscopy as a quantitative tool to determine the hydrogen content in solids // Thermochimica Acta. 2003. Vol. 404, № 1. P. 251–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040–6031(03)00183-7Von Zeppelin F., Haluška M., Hirscher M. Thermal desorption spectroscopy as a quantitative tool to determine the hydrogen content in solids. Thermochimica Acta. 2003;404(1):251–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040–6031(03)00183-7Hydride dissociation and hydrogen evolution behavior of electrochemically charged pure titanium / A. Takasaki [et al.] // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 1995. Vol. 224, № 2. P. 269–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/0925–8388(95)01565-5Takasaki A., Furuya Y., Ojima K., Taneda Y. Hydride dissociation and hydrogen evolution behavior of electrochemically charged pure titanium. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 1995;224(2):269–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/0925–8388(95)01565-5Titanium defect structure change after gas-phase hydrogenation at different temperatures and cooling rates / A. A. Mikhaylov [et. al.] //AIP Conference Proceedings. 2016. Vol. 1783. P. 020152. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4966445Mikhaylov A. A., Laptev R. S., Kudiiarov V. N., Volokitinad T. L. Titanium defect structure change after gas-phase hydrogenation at different temperatures and cooling rates. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2016;1783:020152. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4966445The role of surface oxides on hydrogen sorption kinetics in titanium thin films / E. Hadjixenophontos [et al.] // Applied Surface Science. 2018. Vol. 441. P. 324–330. https://doi.org/10/1016/j.apsusc.2018.02.044Hadjixenophontos E., Michalek L., Roussel M.,. Hirscher M, Schmitz G. The role of surface oxides on hydrogen sorption kinetics in titanium thin films. Applied Surface Science. 2018; l(441):324–330. https://doi.org/10/1016/j.apsusc.2018.02.044Hydrogenation-induced microstructure changes in titanium / R. S. Laptev [et. al.] // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2015. Vol. 645. p. 193–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.12.257Laptev R., Lider A., Bordulev Yu., Kudiiarov V., Garanin G. Hydrogenation-induced microstructure changes in titanium. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2015;645:193–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.12.257Effect of hydrogen on the structural and phase state and defect structure of titanium alloy / E. N. Stepanova [et. al.] // AIP Conference Proceedings. 2016. Vol. 1772. P. 030016. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4964554Stepanova E., Bordulev Y., Kudiiarov V., Laptev R., Lidere A., Xinming J. Effect of hydrogen on the structural and phase state and defect structure of titanium alloy. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2016;1772:030016. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4964554Sakintuna B., Lamari-Darkrim F., Hirscher M. Metal hydride materials for solid hydrogen storage: a review // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2007. Vol. 32. P. 1121–1140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.11.022Sakintuna B., Lamari-Darkrim F., Hirscher M. Metal hydride materials for solid hydrogen storage: a review. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2007;32:1121–1140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.11.022Larionov V. V., Lider A. M., Laptev R. S. Control of changes in the defect structure of titanium saturated with hydrogen // IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2016. Vol. 135, № 1. P. 012025. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757–899X/135/1/012025Larionov V. V., Lider A. M., Laptev R. S. Control of changes in the defect structure of titanium saturated with hydrogen. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2016;135(1):012025. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757–899X/135/1/012025Study of the structural, thermodynamic and cyclic effects of vanadium and titanium substitution in laves-phase AB2 hydrogen storage alloys / U. Ulmer [et al.] // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2017. Vol. 42, № 31. P. 20103–20110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.06.137Ulmer U., Dieterich M., Pohl A., Dittmeyer R., Linder M., Fichtner M. Study of the structural, thermodynamic and cyclic effects of vanadium and titanium substitution in laves-phase AB2 hydrogen storage alloys. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2017;42(31):20103–20110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.06.137Macin V., Christ H. J. Influence of hydride-induced microstructure modification on mechanical properties of metastable beta titanium alloy Ti 10V-2Fe-3Al // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2015. Vol. 40, № 47. P. 16878–16891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.11.022Macin V., Christ H. J. Influence of hydride-induced microstructure modification on mechanical properties of metastable beta titanium alloy Ti 10V-2Fe-3Al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2015;40(47):16878–16891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.11.022Terminal solid solubility determinations in the H–Ti system / P. Vizcaíno [et. al.] // International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2015. Vol. 40, № 47. P. 16928–16937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.06.167Vizcaíno P., Lopez Vergara I. A., Banchik A. D., Abriata J. P. Terminal solid solubility determinations in the H–Ti system. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2015;40(47):16928–16937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.06.167Кудияров В. Н., Лидер А. М. Изучение процессов сорбции и десорбции водорода при помощи автоматизированного комплекса GAS REACTION CONTROLLER LP // Фундаментальные исследования. 2013. № 10–15. С. 3466–3471.Kudiiarov V. N., Lider A. M. Investigation of hydrogen sorption and desorption processes with the help of automated complex GAS REACTION CONTROLLER LP. Fundamental Research. 2013;10–15:3466–3471. (In Russ.).

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.